Ngo-2010, uGeim no-Novoselov bawina umklomelo kaNobel ku-physics ngomsebenzi wabo ku-graphene. Lo mklomelo ushiye umbono ojulile kubantu abaningi. Ngemuva kwakho konke, akuwona wonke amathuluzi wokuhlola umklomelo weNobel ajwayelekile njengetheyipu yokunamathela, futhi akuwona wonke into yocwaningo efana nemilingo futhi kulula ukuyiqonda ngokuthi "i-Crystal Crystal" Crystal "graphe. Umsebenzi ngo-2004 unganikezwa ngonyaka we-2010, okuvela embhalweni womklomelo kaNobel eminyakeni yamuva.
I-Graphene luhlobo lwento equkethe ungqimba olulodwa lwama-athomu e-carbon ahlelwe eduze kube yi-hexagonal hexagonal hexagonal lattice. NjengeDayimane, i-Graphite, i-Fullerene, i-carbon nanotubes ne-amotuse carbon, kuyinto (into elula) eyakhiwa izakhi zekhabhoni. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kwisibalo esingezansi, ama-fulerenes kanye ne-carbon nanotubes kungabonakala njengoba kugingqiwe ngandlela thile kusuka kungqimba eyodwa ye-grapheene, egcinwe izingqimba eziningi ze-grapheene. Ucwaningo lwe-theoretical ekusetshenzisweni kwe-graphiene ukuchaza izakhiwo zezinto ezihambisanayo zekhabhoni (i-graphite, i-carbon nanotubes kanye ne-graphene) kuhlala cishe iminyaka engama-60, kepha ngokuvamile kuthiwa izinto ezinezici ezimbili kunzima kakhulu ziba khona zodwa, Kunamathiselwe kuphela engxenyeni engezansi enobukhulu obuthathu noma izinto ezingaphakathi ezifana ne-graphite. Kwakungekho ngo-2004 ukuthi u-Andre Geim nomfundi wakhe uKonstantin Novolelov bahlubula ungqimba olulodwa lwe-graphiment kusuka ku-graphiments ngokusebenzisa ucwaningo nge-grashse kwathola intuthuko entsha.
Zombili lezi zinhlaka (kwesobunxele) neCarbon Nanotube (Middle) zingabhekwa njengokugoqwa ngongqimba olulodwa lwe-graphiene ngandlela thile, ngenkathi i-graphite (kwesokudla) ihlanganiswe izingqimba eziningi ze-van der Waals Force.
Kulezi zinsuku, i-graphene ingatholwa ngezindlela eziningi, futhi izindlela ezahlukahlukene zinezinzuzo zazo nokubi. I-Geim ne-Novoselov etholakele ngendlela elula. Kusetshenziswa itheyiphu ebonakalayo etholakala ezitolo ezinkulu, bahlubule i-graphene, ishidi le-graphite elinesendlalelo esisodwa sama-athomu wekhabhoni obukhulu, kusuka kucezu lwe-praphiteric e-praphite ephezulu. Lokhu kulula, kepha ukulawuleka akukuhle kangako, futhi i-graphene enosayizi ongama-micron angaphansi kwama-100 (ingxenye eyodwa yeshumi yemililithi) ingatholakala kuphela, kepha kunzima ukusetshenziselwa okusebenzayo Izicelo. Isimo se-Chemical Vapor singakhula amasampula we-graphene ngosayizi wamashumi amasentimitha asezingeni lensimbi. Yize le ndawo inezinkundla ezingaguquki zingama-microns ayi-3,4] kuphela, ibilungele izidingo zokukhiqiza zezicelo ezithile. Enye indlela evamile ukushisa i-silicon Carbide (Sic) Crystal ibe ngaphezulu kwe-1100 ℃ ku-vacuum, ukuze ama-athomu e-silicon eduze kobuso obuseduze, futhi ama-athomu asele e-carbon ahlelwe kabusha, futhi angathola futhi amasampula we-graphene anezakhiwo ezinhle.
I-Graphene iyinto entsha enezakhiwo ezihlukile: Ukusebenza kwalo kagesi kukhulu kakhulu njengethusi, futhi ukuvumelanisa kwawo okushisayo kungcono kunanoma iyiphi impahla eyaziwayo. Kusobala kakhulu. Ingxenye encane kuphela (2.3%) yokukhanya okusobala kwesigameko kuzodonswa yi-graphene, futhi iningi lokukhanya lizodlula. Kuminyene kangangokuba ngisho nama-athomu we-helium (ama-molecule amancane kagesi) awakwazi ukudlula. Lezi zindawo zemilingo azitholwa ngqo kwi-graphite, kepha kusuka kuma-quantum mechanics. Izakhiwo zayo ezihlukile zikagesi neze-Optical zinquma ukuthi inamathemba abanzi wesicelo.
Yize i-graphene evele kuphela isikhathi esingaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi, ikhombisile izinhlelo eziningi zobuchwepheshe, ezingandile kakhulu emikhakheni ye-physics kanye nesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo. Kuthatha iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka wezinto ezijwayelekile ukusukela elabhoratri kuya empilweni yangempela. Yini ukusetshenziswa kwe-graphene? Ake sibheke izibonelo ezimbili.
I-electrode ebonakalayo ethambile
Emisebenzini eminingi kagesi, izinto zokuphambuka ezibonakalayo zidinga ukusetshenziswa njengama-electrodes. Amawashi ka-Electronic, ama-Calculator, amathelevishini, ukuboniswa kwe-liquid crystal, izikrini zokuthinta, amaphaneli elanga namanye amadivaysi amaningi awakwazi ukushiya ubukhona be-electrodes esobala. I-electrode yendabuko ebonakalayo isebenzisa i-Indium tin oxide (ITO). Ngenxa yentengo ephezulu kanye nokunikezwa okulinganiselwe kwe-Indium, okuqukethwe yi-brittle kanye nokuntuleka kokuguquguquka, futhi i-electrode idinga ukufakwa engxenyeni ephakathi ye-vacuum, futhi izindleko ziphezulu. Isikhathi eside, ososayensi bebelokhu bezama ukuthola indawo yayo. Ngaphezu kwezidingo zokuluciselwa, ukuzivumelanisa okuhle nokukulungiselela okulula, uma ukuguquguquka kwezinto zokwakha uqobo kulungile, kuzokulungele ukwenza "iphepha lokubonisa ngogesi" noma amanye amadivayisi aboniswayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuguquguquka kubuye kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. I-Graphene iyinto ebaluleke kakhulu, elungele kakhulu ama-electrodes asobala.
Abaphenyi abavela e-Samsung and Chengjunguan University eSouth Korea bathola i-graphinal ubude be-diagonal ubude ngamasentimitha angama-30 nge-polyethylene terephthalate (pet) ifilimu ukukhiqiza isikrini sokuthinta esisekelwe kwe-graphen. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kwisibalo esingezansi, i-graphene etshalwe ku-foil yethusi okokuqala ifakwe nge-tepi eshisayo (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), khona-ke i-graphene ichithwa kwifilimu yezilwane ngokushisa .
Okokusebenza okusha kwe-Photoelectric Ukungena
I-Graphene inezakhiwo ezihlukile kakhulu zokukhanya. Yize kunesendlalelo esisodwa sama-athomu kuphela, singadonsa ama-2.3% esibani esikhishwe kuwo wonke amabanga avela ekukhanyiseni okubonakalayo ku-infrared. Le nombolo ayihlangene namanye amapharamitha wezinto ezibonakalayo ze-graphene futhi inqunywe yi-Quantum Electrodynamics [6]. Ukukhanya okumisiwe kuzoholela esizukulwaneni sabathwali (ama-elektroni kanye nezimbobo). Isizukulwane nokuthuthwa kwezithwali ku-graphene kuhluke kakhulu kulabo abaku-semiconductors. Lokhu kwenza i-graphene ilungele kakhulu imishini yokungeniswa kwe-Ultrafast Photolectric. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi imishini yokungenisa izithombe enjalo ingasebenza ngokuvama kwe-500ghz. Uma isetshenziselwa ukudluliselwa kwesiginali, ingadlulisela ama-zeros angama-500 ama-zeros noma ngawo ngomzuzwana, bese uqedela ukudluliswa kokuqukethwe kwama-disc amabili e-Blu ray ngomzuzwana owodwa.
Ochwepheshe abavela ku-IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center e-United States basebenzise i-graphene ukukhiqiza amadivayisi wokungenisa izithombe ongasebenza ngokuvama kwe-10ghz. Okokuqala, ama-graphene ama-flakes alungiselelwe e-silicon substrate embozwe nge-silica eyi-300 nm "indlela yokuzikhipha" ye-calladium noma i-electrode ye-pillanium noma ububanzi obungu-250 n Ngale ndlela, kutholakala i-Photolectric Idivayisi yokungenisa isithombe esekelwe.
Umdwebo we-Schematic we-GraphEne PhotoElectric Ukungena Excuctriction Excanduction kanye nokuskena izithombe ze-elektroni microscope (SEM) izithombe zamasampula wangempela. Umugqa omfushane omnyama kulesi sibalo uhambelana nama-microns ayi-5, futhi ibanga phakathi kwemigqa yensimbi yinye i-micron.
Ngokuhlola, abaphenyi bathola ukuthi le metal graphene yensimbi yensimbi yensimbi yokuhlanza isikhombimleva yokuhlanza isikhombimlani se-16GHz okungenani, futhi ingasebenza ngesivinini esikhulu ku-300 nm (eduze kwe-ultraviolet) kuya ku-6 microns (infrared), ngenkathi I-tube yendabuko yokungeniswa kwezithombe zokungenisa izithombe ayikwazi ukuphendula ekukhanyiseleni okungenampilo nge-wavelength ende ende. Imvamisa esebenzayo ye-graphene PhotoElectric wokungenisa imishini yokungena kahle isenegumbi elihle lokuthuthuka. Ukusebenza kwalo okuphakeme kwenza kube nezinhlobonhlobo zamathemba wohlelo lokusebenza, kufaka phakathi ukuxhumana, ukulawulwa okukude nokuqapha imvelo.
Njengento entsha enezakhiwo ezihlukile, ucwaningo ekusetshenzisweni kwe-grapheene luvela ngokulandelana. Kunzima ngathi ukuthi sizifebe lapha. Esikhathini esizayo, kungahle kube khona amashubhu wensimu enziwe ngo-graphene, ukushintshwa kwamangqamuzana okwenziwe nge-graphene kanye ne-molecular eyenziwe nge-grapheeli impilo yonke kuzokhanya empilweni yansuku zonke.
Singalindela ukuthi inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi esebenzisa i-graphene lizovela esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Cabanga ukuthi kuzoba kuhle kangakanani uma ama-smartphones ethu nama-netbooks ethu agobhoze izindlebe zethu, afakwe emaphaketheni ethu, noma asongwe izihlakala zethu uma zingasebenzi!
Isikhathi Sokuthumela: Mar-09-2022