Ngo-2010, uGeim noNovoselov bawina uMklomelo KaNobel ku-physics ngomsebenzi wabo we-graphene.Lo mklomelo ushiye umxhwele kakhulu kubantu abaningi.Phela, akuwona wonke amathuluzi okuhlola weNobel Prize avamile njenge-adhesive tape, futhi akuzona zonke izinto zocwaningo ezinomlingo futhi ziqondakala kalula njenge-graphene "ye-crystal-dimensional".Umsebenzi ngo-2004 ungaklonyeliswa ngo-2010, okuyinto eyivelakancane emlandweni weNobel Prize eminyakeni yamuva.
I-Graphene iwuhlobo lwento equkethe ungqimba olulodwa lwama-athomu ekhabhoni ahlelwe eduze abe yihele lezinyosi elinezinhlangothi ezimbili.Njengedayimane, i-graphite, i-fulerene, i-carbon nanotubes kanye ne-amorphous carbon, iyinto (into elula) eyakhiwe izakhi ze-carbon.Njengoba kuboniswe emfanekisweni ongezansi, ama-fulerenes nama-carbon nanotubes angabonwa njengagoqwe ngandlela thize kusuka kungqimba olulodwa lwe-graphene, olupakishwe izendlalelo eziningi ze-graphene.Ucwaningo lwethiyori mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-graphene ukuchaza izakhiwo zezinto ezihlukahlukene ze-carbon elula (i-graphite, i-carbon nanotubes ne-graphene) seluthathe cishe iminyaka engu-60, kodwa ngokuvamile kunenkolelo yokuthi izinto ezinjalo ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili kunzima ukuzinza zikhona zodwa, enamathiselwe kuphela endaweni engaphansi enezinhlangothi ezintathu noma ezintweni zangaphakathi njengegraphite.Kwaze kwafika ngo-2004 lapho u-Andre Geim nomfundi wakhe u-Konstantin Novoselov bahlubula ungqimba olulodwa lwe-graphene ku-graphite ngokuhlolwa lapho ucwaningo lwe-graphene lwazuza khona intuthuko entsha.
Kokubili i-fullerene (kwesokunxele) kanye ne-carbon nanotube (maphakathi) kungabhekwa njengokugoqwa ungqimba olulodwa lwe-graphene ngandlela thize, kuyilapho i-graphite (kwesokudla) ipakishwe izendlalelo eziningi ze-graphene ngoxhumo lwamandla e-van der Waals.
Namuhla, i-graphene ingatholakala ngezindlela eziningi, futhi izindlela ezahlukene zinezinzuzo zazo kanye nokubi.UGeim noNovoselov bathola igraphene ngendlela elula.Besebenzisa itheyiphu ebonisa ngale etholakala ezitolo ezinkulu, bahlubula i-graphene, ishidi le-graphite elinongqimba olulodwa kuphela lwama-athomu e-carbon, ocezwini lwe-pyrolytic graphite ephezulu.Lokhu kulula, kodwa ukulawuleka akukuhle kangako, futhi i-graphene enosayizi ongaphansi kwama-microns ayi-100 (ingxenye eyodwa kweshumi yemilimitha) ingatholakala kuphela, engasetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa, kodwa kunzima ukusetshenziselwa ukusebenza. izicelo.Ukufakwa komhwamuko wamakhemikhali kungakhulisa amasampula e-graphene anosayizi wamashumi amasentimitha endaweni yensimbi.Nakuba indawo enomumo ongaguquki ingama-microns ayi-100 [3,4] kuphela, ifanele izidingo zokukhiqiza kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.Enye indlela evamile ukushisa ikristalu ye-silicon carbide (SIC) ibe ngaphezu kuka-1100 ℃ ku-vacuum, ukuze ama-athomu e-silicon eduze nendawo ahwamuke, nama-athomu e-carbon asele ahlelwa kabusha, angathola futhi amasampula e-graphene anezakhiwo ezinhle.
I-Graphene iyinto entsha enezici eziyingqayizivele: ukuqhutshwa kwayo kukagesi kuhle kakhulu njengethusi, futhi ukuqhutshwa kwayo okushisayo kungcono kunanoma iyiphi into eyaziwayo.Isobala kakhulu.Ingxenye encane kuphela (2.3%) yokukhanya okubonakalayo okume mpo kwesigameko okuzomuncwa i-graphene, futhi ukukhanya okuningi kuzodlula.Iminyene kangangokuthi ngisho nama-athomu e-helium (ama-athomu egesi amancane kakhulu) awakwazi ukudlula kuwo.Lezi zakhiwo zemilingo azizuzwa ngokuqondile ku-graphite, kodwa kuma-quantum mechanics.Izakhiwo zayo ezihlukile zikagesi neze-optical zinquma ukuthi inamathemba okusebenza abanzi.
Nakuba i-graphene ivele iminyaka engaphansi kweshumi kuphela, ibonise izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zobuchwepheshe, okuyivelakancane kakhulu emikhakheni ye-physics nesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo.Kuthatha iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka ukuthi izinto ezijwayelekile zisuke endaweni yokucwaninga ziye empilweni yangempela.Iyini ukusetshenziswa kwe-graphene?Ake sibheke izibonelo ezimbili.
I-electrode esobala ethambile
Ezintweni eziningi zikagesi, izinto ezibonisa izinto ezibonisayo zidinga ukusetshenziswa njengama-electrode.Amawashi kagesi, okokubala, amathelevishini, izibonisi zekristalu ewuketshezi, izikrini zokuthintwa, amaphaneli elanga nezinye izinto eziningi azikwazi ukushiya ukuba khona kwama-electrode asobala.I-electrode esobala yendabuko isebenzisa i-indium tin oxide (ITO).Ngenxa yentengo ephezulu kanye nokunikezwa okulinganiselwe kwe-indium, izinto ezibonakalayo ziyaphuka futhi azikwazi ukuguquguquka, futhi i-electrode idinga ukufakwa kungqimba oluphakathi lwe-vacuum, futhi izindleko ziphakeme kakhulu.Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi bezama ukuthola enye indawo yayo.Ngaphezu kwezidingo zokubeka izinto obala, ukuhanjiswa okuhle nokulungiselela kalula, uma ukuguquguquka kwezinto ngokwazo kuhle, kuzofaneleka ukwenza "iphepha le-elekthronikhi" noma amanye amadivaysi okubonisa agoqekayo.Ngakho-ke, ukuguquguquka nakho kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu.I-graphene iyinto enjalo, efaneleka kakhulu kuma-electrode asobala.
Abacwaningi base-Samsung kanye ne-Chengjunguan University eSouth Korea bathole i-graphene enobude obuyi-diagonal obungama-intshi angu-30 ngokufakwa komhwamuko wamakhemikhali futhi bayidlulisela kufilimu ye-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) engu-188 micron ukukhiqiza isikrini sokuthinta esisekelwe ku-graphene [4].Njengoba kuboniswe emfanekisweni ongezansi, i-graphene ekhuliswe kucwecwe lethusi iqala ihlanganiswe ne-thermal stripping tape (ingxenye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esobala), bese i-foil yethusi ichithwa ngendlela yamakhemikhali, futhi ekugcineni i-graphene idluliselwa efilimu ye-PET ngokufudumeza. .
Imishini emisha yokungeniswa kwezithombe zikagesi
I-graphene inezinto ezibonakalayo ezihlukile kakhulu.Nakuba kunongqimba olulodwa kuphela lwama-athomu, lukwazi ukumunca u-2.3% wokukhanya okukhishiwe kulo lonke uhla lwamaza kusuka ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo kuye kwe-infrared.Le nombolo ayihlanganise lutho namanye amapharamitha we-graphene futhi inqunywa i-quantum electrodynamics [6].Ukukhanya okumuncwe kuzoholela esizukulwaneni sabathwali (ama-electron nezimbobo).Ukukhiqizwa nokuthuthwa kwabathwali be-graphene kuhluke kakhulu kulawo akuma-semiconductors endabuko.Lokhu kwenza i-graphene ifaneleke kakhulu kumshini wokungenisa izithombe kagesi we-ultrafast.Kulinganiselwa ukuthi okokusebenza kwe-photoelectric induction kungasebenza ngemvamisa ye-500ghz.Uma isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa isignali, ingadlulisela oziro abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-500 noma owodwa ngomzuzwana, futhi iqedele ukudluliselwa kokuqukethwe kwamadiski e-Blu ray amabili ngomzuzwana owodwa.
Ochwepheshe abavela ku-IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center e-United States basebenzise i-graphene ukuze benze amadivaysi okungenisa izithombe kagesi angasebenza kumafrikhwensi angu-10GHz [8].Okokuqala, ama-graphene flakes alungiswa ku-silicon substrate embozwe nge-silica ewugqinsi engu-300 nm "ngendlela yokudabula i-tape", bese kwenziwa ama-electrode egolide e-palladium noma e-titanium anesikhathi esingu-1 micron nobubanzi obungama-250 nm.Ngale ndlela, i-graphene esekelwe i-photoelectric induction device iyatholakala.
Umdwebo ohleliwe we-graphene photoelectric induction equipment kanye nezithombe zokuskena ze-electron microscope (SEM) zamasampuli wangempela.Umugqa omfushane omnyama esithombeni uhambelana nama-microns angu-5, futhi ibanga phakathi kwemigqa yensimbi yi-micron eyodwa.
Ngokuhlola, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sensimbi sensimbi ye-graphene induction device ingafinyelela imvamisa yokusebenza engu-16ghz kakhulu, futhi ingasebenza ngesivinini esikhulu ebangeni le-wavelength ukusuka ku-300 nm (eduze kwe-ultraviolet) kuya ku-6 microns (infrared), kuyilapho. ithubhu lendabuko lokungeniswa kwezithombe zikagesi alikwazi ukuphendula ekukhanyeni kwe-infrared ngobude obude beza.Imvamisa yokusebenza ye-graphene photoelectric induction equipment isenayo indawo enkulu yokuthuthukiswa.Ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kuyenza ibe namathemba anhlobonhlobo ohlelo lokusebenza, okuhlanganisa ukuxhumana, isilawuli kude nokuqapha kwemvelo.
Njengento entsha enezakhiwo ezihlukile, ucwaningo ngokusetshenziswa kwe-graphene luvela ngokulandelana.Kunzima ngathi ukubala lapha.Ngokuzayo, kungase kube namashubhu omphumela wensimu enziwe nge-graphene, amaswishi e-molecular enziwe nge-graphene nama-molecular detectors enziwe nge-graphene ekuphileni kwansuku zonke… I-Graphene ephuma kancane kancane elabhorethri izokhanya ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Singalindela ukuthi inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi esebenzisa i-graphene izovela maduze nje.Cabanga ngendlela okungajabulisa ngayo uma ama-smartphones ethu nama-netbook ethu engase asongwe, aboshwe ezindlebeni zethu, afakwe emaphaketheni ethu, noma asongwe ezihlakaleni zethu lapho engasetshenziswa!
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-09-2022